The relationship of foot malformations by gross motor skills in children

Document Type : Original Article/Open Access/ Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Author

University of Tabriz

Abstract

Introduction: Changes in the physical and anatomical structure of the foot can affect motor abilities and may limit or alter the execution of motor skills. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ability to differentiate foot abnormalities through gross motor skills in children.
Method: This correlational research employed discriminant analysis within a relatively large population of boys and girls aged 7 to 12 years. A total of 456 participants were purposefully sampled from the children of employees at the Sangan Copper Company (from the cities of Tabriz, Ahar, and Varzeqan). The Bruninks-Oseretsky test (1978) was utilized to assess gross motor development, and the DSI foot scanning device was employed. For data analysis, discriminant analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 26 at a significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The results indicated that among the factors of motor development, agility, with a significance level of 0.005, was able to accurately predict 40.6% of the characteristics of different foot types. Factors such as balance (p=0.502), bilateral coordination (p=0.252), and strength (p=0.653) were not significant. Specifically, agility correctly predicted 37.5% of flat feet, 54.5% of Pes Cavus, and 43.8% of standard foot types.
Discussion and Conclusion: It can be concluded that agility, as a composite ability encompassing speed, balance, and strength, is highly capable of distinguishing various foot structures. Under specific conditions, it may serve as a predictive factor for foot structure, especially in cases of Pes Cavus (hollow foot).

Keywords

Main Subjects


Abdoli, B., Teymoori, M., Sani, S. H. Z., Zeraatkar, M., & Hovanloo, F. (2011). Relationship between
plantar longitudinal arches with some selected motor parameters in children 11 to 14 years. Research
in Rehabilitation Sciences, 381-390.
Aghdasi, M. T., Fathirezaie, z., & Abbaspour, K. (2021). The Effect of Environmental Contexts from
Ecological Perspective on Motor Development and Creativity of Children. 17(2). https://doi.org/
10.22051/jontoe.2021.31695.3063
Anida Kapo, S. K., Indira Mahmutović and Amir Sofić. (2020). FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE
OCCURRENCE AND PREVALENCE OF FLAT FEET IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
asl, A. T., Shojaedin, S. S., Torabi, A., & Khezri, A. (2020). Comparison of the Functional Lower Extremity
Evaluation Scores in Active and Inactive Male Teenagers with Normal and Pes Cavus Foot. (9), 152-
162. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2020.111928.2129
Bruininks, R. H., & Bruininks, B. D. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1037/t14991-000
Bukowska, J. M., Jekielek, M., Kruczkowski, D., Ambrozy, T., & Jaszczur-Nowicki, J. (2021, May 10).
Biomechanical Aspects of the Foot Arch, Body Balance and Body Weight Composition of Boys
Training Football. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095017
Burns, J., & Crosbie, J. (2005). Weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in idiopathic pes cavus
compared to normal and pes planus feet. The Foot, 15(2), 91-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2005.03.003
Cobb, S. C., Bazett-Jones, D. M., Joshi, M. N., Earl-Boehm, J. E., & James, C. R. (2014, Mar-Apr). The
relationship among foot posture, core and lower extremity muscle function, and postural stability. J
Athl Train, 49(2), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.02
Cubukcu, S., Alimoglu, M. K., Balci, N., & Beyazova, M. (2005). Plantar arch type and strength profile of
the major ankle muscle groups: A morphometric-isokinetic study. Isokinetics and Exercise Science,
13(3), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-2005-0209
Fathirezaie, Z., Abbaspour, K., Badicu, G., Zamani Sani, S. H., & Nobari, H. (2021, Feb 19). The Effect of
Environmental Contexts on Motor Proficiency and Social Maturity of Children: An Ecological
Perspective. Children (Basel), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020157
Fisher, A., Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L. A., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Paton, J. Y., & Grant, S. (2005, Apr).
Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children. Med Sci Sports
Exerc, 37(4), 684-688. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000159138.48107.7d
Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. D. (2011). Understanding Motor Development: Infants,
Children, Adolescents, Adults. McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.com/books?id=P-
ohvgAACAAJ
Galli, M., Cimolin, V., Pau, M., Costici, P., & Albertini, G. (2014, Mar). Relationship between flat foot
condition and gait pattern alterations in children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res, 58(3),
269-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12007
Hajirezayi, Ghasemi, Arghavani, & Sadeghi. (2019). Comparison of Postural Control Factors, Static and
Dynamic Balance in Students with
Different Foot Arches. Mashhad Journal of Paramedical Sciences and Rehabilitation, 8(2), 69-76.
Iordan, D.-A., Mocanu, M.-D., MereuȚĂ, C., Stan, Z., Mocanu, G.-D., & Onu, I. (2021). Quantifying the
functional diagnosis in the rehabilitation of postural problems of biomechanical junior female
players in table tennis. Balneo and PRM Research Journal, 12(Vol.12, no.1), 53-60.
https://doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2021.419
Jankowicz-Szymanska, A., Wodka, K., Kolpa, M., & Mikolajczyk, E. (2018, Mar). Foot longitudinal arches
in obese, overweight and normal weight females who differ in age. Homo, 69(1-2), 37-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2018.03.001
Khalaghi, K., Rajabi, R., Minoonejad, H., & Shojaei, M. (2022). Relationship Between Posture and Balance
in 7 to 10 Year Old Students. Paramedical Sciences and Rehabilitation, 39-53.
Khodaveisi, Anbarian, Farahpour, Sazvar, & Jalalvand. (2009). The effect of structural foot abnormalities,
including flat feet (pes planus) and high-arched feet (pes cavus), on dynamic balance in adolescent
girls. 23(3), 99-112
Kumala, M. S., Tinduh, D., & Poerwandari, D. (2019). Comparison of Lower Extremities Physical
Performanceon Male Young Adult Athletes with normal foot andflatfoot.
Musavi, Ghasemi, & Davudi. (2012). The relationship between the medial longitudinal arch height of the
foot and cardiorespiratory endurance and agility in male students aged 12 to 14. 49-65.
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Goldring, S., Greiss-Hess, L., Herrera, A. M., Steele, J., Macari, S., Hepburn, S., &
Rogers, S. J. (2008, Apr). Gross motor development, movement abnormalities, and early identification
of autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 38(4), 644-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0430-0
Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012, Oct). The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape,
body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol Rev, 92(4), 1651-1697.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00048.2011
Samakosh, H. M. N., & Hadadnezhad, M. (2021). COMPARISON OF THE BALANCE AND THE
AGILITY IN THE STUDENTS 11-14-YEAR-OLD WITH ABNORMALITIES OF THE LOWER
EXTREMITY AND NORMAL POSTURE. 4(2), 511-523.
Sidarta, N., & Afyora, R. (2024). The Relationship of Flat Foot to Agility in Children Aged 7-10 Years.
Jurnal Biomedika dan Kesehatan, 7(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.18051/JBiomedKes.2024.v7.52-60
Sinclair, C., Svantesson, U., Sjostrom, R., & Alricsson, M. (2017, Apr). Differences in Pes Planus and Pes
Cavus subtalar eversion/inversion before and after prolonged running, using a two-dimensional
digital analysis. J Exerc Rehabil, 13(2), 232-239. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734902.451
Smith, K. A., Gehricke, J. G., Iadarola, S., Wolfe, A., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2020, Apr). Disparities in Service
Use Among Children With Autism: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 145(Suppl 1), S35-S46.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1895G
Sugden, D. A., Wade, M. G., & Hart, H. (2013). Typical and atypical motor development [book]. 348.
https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30664165M/Typical_and_atypical_motor_development?utm_sourc
e=chatgpt.com
Tudor, A., Ruzic, L., Sestan, B., Sirola, L., & Prpic, T. (2009, Mar). Flat-footedness is not a disadvantage for
athletic performance in children aged 11 to 15 years. Pediatrics, 123(3), e386-392.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2262
Wilczyński, J. P., Michał. (2020). Correlations between foot defects and balance reactions among young
school-children. Medical Studies 36(4), 264. https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2020.102320
Wozniacka, R., Bac, A., Matusik, S., Szczygiel, E., & Ciszek, E. (2013, May). Body weight and the medial
longitudinal foot arch: high-arched foot, a hidden problem? Eur J Pediatr, 172(5), 683-691.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-1943-5
Yu, H., Wu, W., Tai, W., Li, J., & Zhang, R. (2024, Nov 28). The arch myth: investigating the impact of flat
foot on vertical jump height: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil,
16(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01018-w
ZAREZADEH, M., FAROKHI, A., & KAZEM NEZHAD, A. (2011). DETERMINING RELIABILITY
AND VALIDITY OF TEST OF GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT (ULRICH, 2000) IN 3-11
AGED CHILDREN OF TEHRAN CITY. OLYMPIC, 18(4 (SERIAL 52)), 85-98. SID.
https://sid.ir/paper/37779/en