The Effect of Synchronizing Training with Circadian Rhythm: A Study on Cognitive and Motor Performance of Adolescent Volleyball Players

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article/Open Access/ Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Authors

1 Physical Education Teacher Education

2 Department of Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of circadian rhythms on the execution of cognitive and motor tasks. The present study is of the repeated measures type and, due to its practical outcomes, is classified as applied research. The statistical population of this research included female volleyball players aged 13 to 18 from the cities of Kordkuy and Bandar Torkaman. The sampling method was convenience sampling, and participants were divided into three groups of 12 individuals each according to their chronotype: morning-type, evening-type, and intermediate-type, based on the results of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (Hornsteinberg). All participants, regardless of their chronotype, completed the Efird Volleyball Finger Test and the Stroop Test at three different times—morning, noon, and evening—on three separate days. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc tests, and Shapiro-Wilk tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. According to the results, circadian rhythms significantly affect motor task performance. However, no significant interaction effect was found between the time of Stroop test administration and participants’ chronotypes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Mind, Movement, and Behavior

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 03 August 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 26 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 24 December 2025
  • Accept Date: 13 July 2026

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