تاثیر 8 ماه تمرین با مهارت حرکتی بنیادی در یک محیط شناختی حرکتی مبتنی بر رویکرد TARGET بر ترکیب بدن و عملکرد حرکتی کودکان دارای وضعیت اقتصادی پایین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی / Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license/ Open Access

نویسندگان

1 گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه جهرم، جهرم، ایران

2 گروه تربیت بدنی ـ واحد بهبهان - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی- بهبهان- ایران

3 گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران

4 گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

5 گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان رسول اکرم اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

تحقیقات در حوزه مهارت های حرکتی بنیادی و ترکیب بدن مورد غفلت واقع شده است. بنابراین هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی تاثیر 8 ماه مداخله مهارت حرکتی بنیادی مبتنی در یک محیط شناختی حرکتی بر ترکیب بدنی و عملکرد حرکتی کودکان با وضعیت اقتصادی پایین می باشد. جامعه این تحقیق کودکان پسر 8-6 سال بودند که از بین آن ها 118 کودک به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و به دو گروه مداخله و کنترل تقسیم بدنی شدند. ابزار مورد استفاده در این تحقیق شامل مجموعه ارزیابی حرکتی برای کودکان، مقیاس متعادل وزنه استاندارد برای اندازه گیری وزن، استادیومتر برای اندازه گیری قد و دستگاه ترکیب بدن امپدانس بیوالکتریک برای اندازه گیری توده چربی (FM)، توده بدون چربی (FFM) و ترکیب بدن (BMI) بود. در ابتدا، عملکرد حرکتی، اندازه های ترکیب بدن، قد، وزن و BMI به عنوان نمرات پیش آزمون گروه ها ثبت گردید. دوره تمرین شامل 8 ماه، دو جلسه در هفته و 30 دقیقه فعالیت بود. پس از اتمام مداخله 8 ماهه تمرینی مجددا پس آزمون عملکرد حرکتی، اندازه های ترکیب بدن، قد، وزن و BMI از آزمودنی ها گرفته شد. نتایج داده‌های آماری بهبود عملکرد حرکتی(001/0=P)، کاهش معنادار توده چربی(001/0=P) و ترکیب بدنی (001/0=P) و افزایش معنادار توده بدون چربی (001/0=P) را در نتیجه هشت ماه تمرینات مهارتهای حرکتی بنیادی نشان داد. یافته‌های مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که این مداخله می‌تواند سبب بهبود عملکرد حرکتی شود و افزایش FM را به تأخیر بیندازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of 8 Months Training With Fundamental Motor skills in a Cognitive-Motor Climate Based on The TARGET Approach on Body Composition and Motor Performance of Children With Low Economic Status

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Hossein Zamani 1
  • Karim Baharloei 2
  • Ayoub Hashemi 3
  • Hamid ۀاخذشیه 4
  • Mansour Hillavi Neisi 5
1 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities , Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran.
2 Department of Physical Education - Behbahan Branch - Islamic Azad University - Behbahan - Iran
3 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
4 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
5 Department of Sport Sciences, Farhangian Rasoul Akram University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Teaching fundamental motor skills is an important principle in childhood. Unfortunately, overweight and obese children show significant delays in these skills. Research in the field of fundamental motor skills and body composition has been neglected. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an 8-month fundamental motor skill intervention based on a cognitive motor environment on the body composition and motor performance of children with low economic status. The population of this study was male children aged 6-8 years, from which 118 children were randomly selected and divided into two intervention and control groups. The instruments used in this study included Movement Assessment Battery of Children, standard weight balance scale for measuring weight, stadiometer for measuring height, and bioelectrical impedance body composition device for measuring fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and body composition (BMI). Initially, motor performance, body composition measures, height, weight, and BMI were recorded as pre-test scores of the groups. The training period consisted of 8 months, two sessions per week, and 30 minutes of activity. After the 8-month training intervention, post-tests of motor performance, body composition, height, weight, and BMI were taken from the subjects. The statistical data showed an improvement in motor performance (P=0.001), a significant decrease in fat mass (P=0.001) and body composition (P=0.001), and a significant increase in lean mass (P=0.001) as a result of eight months of fundamental motor skills training. The findings of the present study showed that this intervention can improve motor performance and delay the increase in FM. Overall, it is suggested that this approach be used to prevent obesity and emphasize the importance of measuring body composition in children. Keywords: Fundamental motor skills, motivational-expertise climate, body composition, children with low economic status.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fundamental Motor Skills
  • Mastery-Motivational climate
  • body composition
  • children with low economic status
Akbaripour, R., Daneshfar, A., & Shojaei, M. (2019). Reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery
for Children-(MABC-2) in children aged 7-10 years in Tehran. Scientific Rehabilitation
Medicine, 7(4), 91-96 .
Bandeira, P. F. R., Souza, M., Zanella, L. W & ,.Valentini, N. C. (2017). Impact of motor
interventions oriented by mastery motivational climate in fundamental motor skills of
children: A systematic review. Motricidade, 13(S1), 50 .
Barnett, L. M., Van Beurden, E., Morgan, P. J., Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2008). Does childhood
motor skill proficiency predict adolescent fitness? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,
40(12), 2137-2144 .
Behan, S., Belton, S., Peers, C., O’connor, N. E., & Issartel, J. (2022). Exploring the relationships
between fundamental movement skills and health related fitness components in children.
European journal of sport science, 22(2), 171-181 .
Brian, A., Pennell, A., Taunton, S., Starrett, A., Howard-Shaughnessy, C., Goodway, J. D.,
Wadsworth, D., Rudisill, M & ,.Stodden, D. (2019). Motor competence levels and
developmental delay in early childhood: A multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in the
USA. Sports Medicine, 49, 1609-1618 .
Brown, C. G. (2010). Improving fine motor skills in young children: an intervention study.
Educational Psychology in Practice, 26(3), 269-278 .
Brown, W. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., McIver, K. L., Dowda, M., Addy, C. L., & Pate, R. R. (2009). Social
and environmental factors associated with preschoolers’ nonsedentary physical activity .Child
development, 80(1), 45-58 .
Cantin, N., Ryan, J., & Polatajko, H. J. (2014). Impact of task difficulty and motor ability on visual-
motor task performance of children with and without developmental coordination disorder.
Human movement science, 34 ,217-232.
Cattuzzo, M. T., dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H. N., de Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., de Sousa Moura,
M., de Araújo, R. C., & Stodden, D. (2016). Motor competence and health related physical
fitness in youth: A systematic review. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 19(2), 123-129 .
Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Morgan, P. J., Jones, R. A., Steele, J. R., & Baur, L. A. (2012). Proficiency
deficiency: mastery of fundamental movement skills and skill components in overweight and
obese children. Obesity, 20(5), 1024-1033 .
Cunningham, S. A., Kramer, M. R., & Narayan, K. V. (2014). Incidence of childhood obesity in the
United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(5), 403-411 .
D'Hondt, E., Deforche, B., Gentier, I., De Bourdeaudhuij, I ,.Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R., & Lenoir,
M. (2013). A longitudinal analysis of gross motor coordination in overweight and obese
children versus normal-weight peers. International journal of obesity, 37(1), 61-67 .
Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., & Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants,
children, adolescents, adults: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning .
Hastie, P. A., Johnson, J. L., & Rudisill, M. E. (2018). An analysis of the attraction and holding power
of motor skill stations used in a mastery motivational physical education climate for preschool
children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(1), 37-53 .
Hitchcock, E. R., & Mcallister Byun, T. (2015). Enhancing generalisation in biofeedback intervention
using the challenge point framework: A case study. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 29(1), 59-75 .
Hotz, V. J., & Wiswall, M. (2019). Child care and child care policy: Existing policies, their effects, and
reforms. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 686(1), 310-338 .
Hyman, S. M. (2019). Integration of movement competency training to optimize behavioral
interventions for child obesity: Comment on Wilfley et al (.2018.)
Johnson, J. L., Rudisill, M. E., Hastie ,P., Wadsworth, D., Strunk, K., Venezia, A., Sassi, J., Morris, M., &
Merritt, M. (2019). Changes in fundamental motor-skill performance following a nine-month mastery
motivational climate intervention. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 90(4), 5 17-526.
Kokkonen, J., Gråstén, A., Quay, J., & Kokkonen, M. (2020). Contribution of motivational climates
and social competence in physical education on overall physical activity: A self-determination heory approach with a creative physical education twist. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5885 .
Lagstrom, H., Hakanen, M., Niinikoski, H., Viikari, J., Ronnemaa, T., Saarinen, M., Pahkala, K., &
Simell, O. (2008). Growth patterns and obesity development in overweight or normal-weight
13-year-old adolescents: the STRIP study. Pediatrics, 122(4), e876-e883 .
Leskinen, T., Eloranta, A.-M., Tompuri, T., Saari, A., Ollila, H., Mäkelä, J., Niinikoski, H., &
Lagström, H. (2021). Changes in body composition by age and obesity status in preschool-
aged children: the STEPS study. European journal of clinical nutrition, 75(1), 57-65 .
Logan, S. W., Webster, E. K., Getchell, N., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Robinson, L. E. (2015). Relationship
between fundamental motor skill competence and physical activity during childhood and
adolescence: A systematic review. Kinesiology review, 4(4), 416-426 .
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental
movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits. Sports
Medicine, 40, 1019-1035 .
Nobre, G., Nobre, F., & Valentini, N. (2024). Effectiveness of a mastery climate cognitive-motor skills
school-based intervention in children living in poverty: Motor and academic performance, self-
perceptions, and BMI. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 29(3), 259-275 .
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Lawman, H. G., Fryar, C. D., Kruszon-Moran, D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal,
K. M. (2016). Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United
States, 1988-1994 through 2013-2014. Jama, 315(21), 2292-2299 .
Oliveira-Santos, J., Santos, R., Moreira, C., Abreu, S., Lopes, L., Agostinis-Sobrinho, C., & Mota, J.
(2020). Associations between anthropometric indicators in early life and cardiorespiratory
fitness, physical activity, and sedentary time in adolescence. Journal of Physical Activity and
Health, 17(12), 1213-1221 .
Pate, R. R., O'Neill, J. R., Brown, W. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., Dowda, M., & Addy, C. L. (2015).
Prevalence of compliance with a new physical activity guideline for preschool-age children.
Childhood obesity, 11(4), 415-420 .
Pate, R. R., & O’Neill, J. R. (2012). Physical activity guidelines for young children: an emerging
consensus. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(12), 1095-1096 .
Payne, V. G., & Isaacs, L. D. (2017). Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge .
Pick, R. K., & Valentini, N. C. (2022). Mastery motivational climate intervention: Motor and social
benefits for children with and without disabilities. Sinéctica (59.)
Roberts, G. C., Treasure, D. C., & Conroy, D. E. (2007). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in
sport and physical activity: An achievement goal interpretation .
Robinson, L. E., Wadsworth, D. D., & Peoples, C. M. (2012). Correlates of school-day physical
activity in preschool students. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 83(1), 20-26 .
Ross, R., Blair, S. N., Arena, R., Church, T. S., Després, J.-P., Franklin, B. A., Haskell, W. L.,
Kaminsky, L .A., Levine, B. D., & Lavie, C. J. (2016). Importance of assessing
cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a
scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 134(24), e653-e699 .
Rossen, L. M., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2012). Measuring health disparities: trends in racial− ethnic and
socioeconomic disparities in obesity among 2-to 18-year old youth in the United States, 2001–
2010. Annals of epidemiology, 22(10), 698-704 .
Skinner, A. C ,.Ravanbakht, S. N., Skelton, J. A., Perrin, E. M., & Armstrong, S. C. (2018).
Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999–2016. Pediatrics, 141 (3.)
Stodden, D. F., Gao, Z., Goodway, J. D., & Langendorfer, S. J. (2014). Dynamic relationships
between motor skill competence and health-related fitness in youth. Pediatric exercise
science, 26(3), 231-241 .
Veldman, S. L., Jones, R. A., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Efficacy of gross motor skill interventions in
young children: an updated systematic review. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 2 (1.)
Wiklund, P. (2016). The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management:
Time for critical appraisal. Journal of sport and health science, 5(2), 151-154